{"id":2189,"date":"2026-07-31T17:50:27","date_gmt":"2026-07-31T17:50:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/classics-courses-syllabi\/judaism-study-guide\/"},"modified":"2026-07-31T17:50:27","modified_gmt":"2026-07-31T17:50:27","slug":"judaism-study-guide","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/classics-courses-syllabi\/judaism-study-guide\/","title":{"rendered":"Judaism Study Guide"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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TO Dr. Siegel’s IH STUDENTS: Here are some notes you may find helpful,\nespecially when it comes to the definition of certain terms. These notes are wholly my\nsummaries of\u00a0 The Concise Guide to Judaism: History, Practice, Faith, by Rabbi\nRoy A. Rosenberg. I recommend this text to anyone interested in getting a basic\nbackground, but I urge you to consider other texts as well in your quest to learn about\nJudaism and its sacred history and texts. There is much more to this book, too – so go out\nand get a copy!<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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in times before monotheism \u2013 each nation had its own god who they believed would\nlead them into battle, toward success, and bestow with fertility. The Hebrew god revealed\nhimself to them in Egypt and saved them from slavery \u2013 put them on the right track\ntoward becoming a great nation.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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NOTES ON CHAPTER ONE: ANCIENT ISRAEL<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Hebrew means “migrant” \u2013 it appears in Egyptian and Akkadian texts\nas habiru or apiru
\nIsrael <\/i>means “he who strives with God” first used to name Jacob.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Moses reveals the true name of God to Israel (all of the following names apply):
\nYaweh, “the one who is” or “the sustainer”
\nYaweh of hosts (sebaot) or “the sustainer of armies”
\nAdonai \u2013 sacred form of God\u2019s name (I use it here only in the interest of\neducation), “the Lord” composed of the consonants YHWH and the vowels\nfrom Adonai \u2013 together pronounced “Adonai”
\nhaShem, “the name” is used in informal reference and in place of real\nname of God
\nJehovah \u2013 early Christian mistranslation of YHWH, pronounced by Jews as\n“Adonai”
\n***note: Our own Rabbi Libowitz notes that this becomes accepted practice only much later\n– by German scholars in the 19th century!<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Details of the Covenant:
\nthe people of Israel will serve only The Lord.
\nThe Lord would lead the people into to resettle land of Canaan, home of their ancestors.
\nMoses: Israel\u2019s liberator, prophet who introduced them to God, judge and ruler until\ndeath at 120.
\nAll people are equal under the Lord \u2013 MONARCHY develops only after resettlement of\nCanaan.
\nIdea that upon entry into Canaan, The Lord, God of Israel, had come to be identified with\nEl, god of Canaanite religions (Phoenician (Canaanite) myths speak of cult of El). \u00a0\nThe Canaanite religion God says must be wiped out refers to worship of Baal, deity\nthat deposed his father El\u2026Argument that circumcision is really a Canaanite ritual\nthat all underwent before they entered Canaan, the Promised Land. Bible tells it\ndifferently<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Judges: early years in Canaan (not judges, but charismatic leaders) v the\nPhilistines (sea people)
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\nKings:
\nKing Saul:
\nKing David: beat the Philistines and conquered Jerusalem
\nKing Solomon: builds Temple in Jerusalem \u2013 Levites (“escorts”) in charge\nelsewhere
\nSolomon\u2019s son \u2013 would not retract tax \u2013 people revolted: 10 tribes secede
\nKingdom of Israel: the other ten tribes
\nKingdom of Judah: Judah and Benjamin (including Jerusalem)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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721 BC: end of Kingdom of Israel (Assyrian conquest) \u2013 become the ten lost\ntribes of Israel \u2013 Judah OK<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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621 BC: major religious reform in Kingdom of Judah, King Josiah finds sacred text\n(probably what we call Deuteronomy): new rules: sacrifice only in Temple in Jerusalem. New\npriestly class called kohen, all previous priests brought to Jerusalem to be in\nsubordinate role (called levi). Even today, a Jew is either a kohen, a levi,\nor a regular Jew, yisrael (“Israelite”).
\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Josiah \u2013 serious about getting back\nto basics \u2013 The Lord is all!<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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586 BC: Babylon destroys Jerusalem, Temple, upper class exiled; end to the rule of\nthe Dynasty of David<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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BABYLONIAN EXILE<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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538 BC: King Cyrus of Persia overthrows Babylonian Empire and allows Jews to return\nto Jerusalem.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Prophets: allowed Judaism to survive the exile \u2013 without these prophetic\nteachings (from the era of Kings), the Jews would have adopted the religion of the\nBabylonians and Judaism would have been lost.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Amos \u2013 first prophet whose words are preserved in a Biblical Book – in 750\nBC he said that Assyria would devastate the land (it did in 721 BC)
\nIsaiah \u2013 also time of kingdom of Judah under Assyrian threat (6e BC)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Jeremiah \u2013 time of Babylonian threat – many prophets made a career of\n telling the king what he wanted to hear (Babylon was a threat \u2013 fight or die!) \u2013\n Jeremiah went against prophets such as these and paid dearly for it \u2013 but he was\n right! He said that Babylon was strong because of God and that Judah should submit \u2013\n Babylon was a punishment from which the Jews could only get stronger eventually. Jeremiah\n correctly prophesied the duration of the exile (70 years): “The Lord is alive and\n well and has not been defeated! He is now more widespread, that\u2019s all.”<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Ezekiel: during time of Exile: individuals will be judged from now on, not\n peoples \u2013 lays groundwork for later rules concerning people getting what they deserve\n after death<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Second Isaiah: an uncompromising monotheist: Israel is the servant of The Lord,\n The Lord is the only true God and Israel is witness to his glory and power. Other nations\n are mistaken. Probably influenced by Zoroastrian religion of the Persians (good and evil,\n life after death\u2026)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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450 BC: first significant group of Jews to resettle Jerusalem \u2013 led by Ezra\n\u2013 forbid intermarriage
\nEzra: credited with re-establishing the Jews of Jerusalem on a firm foundation as a\ncommunity and laying the basis for Judaism as a religious faith that has persisted to the\npresent day. He promulgated the Law of Moses (Torah means “teaching”).\nThe Jews become a “people of the Book”. The promulgation of the Torah brought\nwith it an end to prophecy, or at least legit ones, because God spoke now through the\nbook, not individuals. In place of prophets popped up interpreters of the Book, scholars\nand rabbis.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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CHAPTER TWO: THE HEBREW SCRIPTURES<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Hebrew Scriptures: three parts
\nTanach: all three together (an acronym):<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Torah
\n Prophets
\n Writings<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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TORAH: “teaching” or “law” or “Five Books of Moses”\nor “Pentateuch”
\ncanonization of Torah dated to Ezra (450 BC), but traditional Judaism claims it is the\nrevelation of God to Moses, who then brought it to all of Israel. All Israel heard the Ten\nCommandments from God himself \u2013 God dictated the rest to Moses.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Genesis: creation, genealogies of patriarchs before and after Flood, the Flood, journey\nto Egypt
\nExodus: Israel\u2019s enslavement in Egypt, God\u2019s call to Moses, Exodus, 10\nCommandments and other civil and criminal laws, apostasy of\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Israel\nwith Golden Calf, building of portable sanctuary
\nLeviticus: laws about sacrifices, diet, purification, sexual contact, atonement,\nfestivals\u2026..
\nNumbers: tribulations of journey across desert
\nDeuteronomy: Moses\u2019 review of the law, his farewell and his death<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Orthodox Jews: Torah was divinely revealed just as it is
\nNon-orthodox: documentary hypothesis \u2013 The Torah is an amalgamation of four\ntexts:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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1. J \u2013 from Judah, time of Solomon, God is “The Lord”
\n2. E \u2013 from Kingdom of Israel, God is “Elohim”
\n3. D \u2013 Deuteronomy and other portions of other books
\n4. P \u2013 priestly class, time of Babylonian exile, the biggest piece \u2013 others are\nplugged in
\nThe edited copy is what Ezra provided the people in 450 BC.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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PROPHETS: canonized shortly after 450 BC \u2013 all texts are deemed to have been\nwritten by people endowed with the “spirit of prophecy.”<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Joshua: conquest of Canaan under leadership of Joshua, successor to Moses\n\n\n
\nJudges: concerning the charismatic warrior figures who led the tribes against their\nenemies\n\n\n
\nI and II Samuel: leadership in face of Philistine threat\u2026Saul as first king, then\nDavid\u2019s succession\n\n\n
\nI and II Kings: Solomon\u2019s reign, division of kingdom, end of these two kingdoms,\nkings judged successful if they eliminated worship\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 to all gods other than the Lord. (popular\nhistory)\n\n\n
\nIsaiah: from 8e BC and Second Isaiah, toward end of Babylonian Exile\n\n\n
\nJeremiah: in time of destruction of Jerusalem by Babylon\n\n\n
\nEzekiel: during the time of the Babylonian Exile\n\n\n
\nThe Twelve: collected works of smaller prophets; the last lived during the resettling of\nJerusalem.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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WRITINGS: spread out over a long period of time, collected as late as 1e\nAD. All the Writings are traditionally said to have been written by people endowed with\nthe spirit of prophecy (hence very old), but these works are less sacred than the books\nincluded in the Prophets. Prophets wrote under direct inspiration of God (dreams, trance),\nthe books in the Writings are supposed to be the work of prophets writing in a more normal\nmanner:
\n\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Psalms: associated with David;\npersonal prayers and meditations, others from worship at Temple
\n\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Proverbs: ascribed to Solomon \u2013\nbook of aphorisms about every day life and its challenges
\n\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Job: a drama about divine justice
\n\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Song of Songs: erotic poetry (sacred\nbecause seen as an allegory of God\u2019s love for Israel)
\n\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ruth: Moabite woman who embraces God\nof Israel and becomes an ancestor of David\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0
\n\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Lamentations: elegies over destruction\nof Jerusalem by Babylon
\n\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ecclesiastes: futility of life
\n\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Esther: deliverance of the Jews form\nPersia
\n\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Daniel: time of persecutions leading\nup to Maccabean revolt in 168 BC; vision of end of days
\n\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ezra and Nehemiah: return to from\nBabylon and reconstruction of Jerusalem\u00a0
\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 I and II Chronicles: genealogies and\naccounts from Adam \u00e0 end of Exile (priesthood as author) Chronicles are official\ncourt records, Kings is popular history.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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APOCRYPHA (“hidden away in Greek): books not included in canonization of Torah<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Septuagint: first translation of Hebrew Bible, into Greek (“seventy”\nbecause it was work of 70 scholars)\nfor the benefit of large Jewish population of Alexandria, who spoke Greek<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Septuagint dates before 250 BC\u2026no ANCIENT Jewish manuscripts of it exist\n\u2013 only Christian copies. The Greek version utilized by the Christian Church mixes the\nbooks that constitute the Writings in the Hebrew Scriptures with the Apocrypha \u2013\nbooks that do not even exist in the Hebrew canon \u2013 and inserts them into the books\nthat in the Hebrew version constitute the Prophets. Thus, in the Greek version, some of\nthe prophetic books close the Old Testament, leading the reader into the specifically\nChristian Scriptures (NT), which in Christian doctrine fulfills the prophecies contained\nin the OT. Order is thus important.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Translation history: ancient Jewish translations of the Hebrew Scriptures were done\nin Aramaic, the ordinary language of discourse (a Semitic language akin to Hebrew)\nin Palestine from 1e BC and in Babylonia for centuries before that. Many are\nnot translations, but paraphrases. Targum: Aramiac version of the Hebrew Bible<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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THE JEWISH SECTS:much information from the historian Josephus<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Saducees: named after Saduk, Solomon\u2019s high priest.
\nGuardians of that “old-time religion”: only the written law of the Torah\nconstituted the revelation of God.
\nLaw to be interpreted literally for the most part
\nDid NOT believe in resurrection of the dead or survival of the soul.
\nGod doles out rewards and punishments during life and is just.
\nPeople make their choices according to their own free will.
\nSaducees ceased to exist as a sect with the destruction of the Temple (70 AD).
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Essenes: also believed in primacy of descendants of\nSadok, but rejected the priests\nthemselves as impure.\nabout 4000 Essenes in communities celibate and monastic in organization.\nadopted the children of others and raised them according to their beliefs.\njoiners renounced property and chose ascetic lifestyle, farmed and dressed in white\nDead Sea Scrolls from Essene community in Qumran\nBelief that whatever men choose to do, it is the will of God that they do it.\nimmortality of souls (souls in life dragged down by the bonds of flesh \u2013 liberated in\ndeath)\nreputation as accurate foretellers of future and masters of the art of healing\nrefused to take oaths \u2013 were renowned for their honesty\nwater as means of purification (baptism)\nthey anticipated a great war between “sons of light” and “sons of\ndarkness”, followed by a new Temple\nEnd of Days would bring The Messiah of Israel from the line of David and the Messiah of\nAaron as a priestly ruler.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Christians: followers of Jesus of Nazareth (called Nazarens in Jewish texts)\nJesus preached the imminent coming of the Kingdom of God, when the present order of\nexistence would end and a new heaven and a new earth would appear. All wickedness would be\ndestroyed, the dead resurrected for judgement, the righteous living forever in God\u2019s\nkingdom.Audience: primarily the poor, the disenfranchised \u2013 the wealthy would have to\ngive all to the poor to gain entry to the Kingdom of Heaven. Shared much with\nEssenes:\ndisdain for wealth, prohibition of divorce, prohibition of oaths, disdain for petitional\nprayer (God doesn\u2019t need to be reminded of details – he wants prayers of general\nthanksgiving\u2026). Jesus probably regarded himself as \u2013 and was looked upon by his\nfollowers during his lifetime \u2013 as the Prophet of the Kingdom. At his death his\nfollowers came to believe that he had fulfilled the destiny of the Messiah of the line of\nDavid and styled in “the Christ”, the “anointed One” (Greek equivalent\nof Messiah). Those who believed that he had risen from the dead also expected his return\nfrom heaven as the ruler of the new age, the Priestly Messiah of the Essenes. Christianity\nceased to be a Jewish sect when the early Church, at the urging of Paul, opened its ranks\nto non-Jews without requiring them to accept the ritual prescriptions of the Torah\n(primarily circumcision, observance of the Sabbath, dietary restrictions). The church was\nthen no longer governed by Jewish law, nor did it have a primarily Jewish constituency.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Why Didn\u2019t the Jewish People See Jesus as the Messiah?<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Jesus didn\u2019t proclaim himself to be the Messiah. Only after his death (Corinthians\n15:3) was he proclaimed to be such, and that he had died in fulfillment of Scripture. Jews\nof Jesus\u2019 time \u2013 for the most part – expected a messianic king who would\ninitiate a mighty Kingdom of Israel to whom Rome and Persia and the other principalities\nof the day would pay tribute to. They did not expect the coming of a king who would never\nreign, who would instead be put to death.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Pharisees (possibly “separatists”):
\nthe sect from which all later forms of Judaism developed\nbelief in written Torah as revealed to Moses by God and in oral Torah (interpretations)\nmostly middle class \u2013 value in learning and debating the fine points of law\nbelief that while God controls all things, free will is still granted to humanity\nresurrection of the dead, reward of everlasting life for the righteous\nsome believed in Messiah \u2013 a mighty warrior and a compassionate sage\nbelief that interpretative skills would allow Torah to adopt to new social challenges as\nthey arose (Saducees did not believe in a changing concept of law)\nso many interpretations \u2013 the Oral Torah \u2013 proliferated that in 220 AD Rabbi\nJudah the Nasi (“prince” or “patriarch”) introduced the first\nauthoritative summary \u2013 the Mishna (“repetition”). Mishna is\nthe source of all subsequent Jewish law to the present day and is the object of study in\nthe academies of all forms of Judaism.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Talmud: The Palestinian or Jerusalem Talmud (“learning”) is the\nfurther discussions (post 220 AD) on the laws of the Mishna, complete with the Mishna\nitself.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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top<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":2167,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2189","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2189","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2189"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2189\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2167"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2189"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}