{"id":808,"date":"2019-11-12T22:25:11","date_gmt":"2019-11-13T03:25:11","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/?page_id=808"},"modified":"2026-08-05T23:38:10","modified_gmt":"2026-08-05T23:38:10","slug":"persian-wars","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/illustrated-lectures\/greek-history\/persian-wars\/","title":{"rendered":"Persian Wars"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"808\" class=\"elementor elementor-808 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-k0vqgrv elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"k0vqgrv\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-25 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3y0jvob\" data-id=\"3y0jvob\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-lcz2qp4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-drj_sidebar_nav\" data-id=\"lcz2qp4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"drj_sidebar_nav.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<style>\r\n.drj-toggle:hover{background:#fff !important;box-shadow:0 0 0 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.15);}\r\n.drj-mobile-toggle-btn{display:none;}\r\n@media (max-width:767px){\r\n  .drj-mobile-toggle-btn{display:flex !important;}\r\n  #drj-sidebar-root.drj-mobile-collapsed{display:none !important;}\r\n}\r\n<\/style><button id=\"drj-mobile-nav-btn\" class=\"drj-mobile-toggle-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" style=\"width:100%;box-sizing:border-box;align-items:center;justify-content:center;gap:8px;background:#AC5A83;color:#000;border:2px solid #1a1a1a;border-radius:8px;padding:12px;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;cursor:pointer;margin-bottom:8px;\"><span style=\"font-size:18px;line-height:1;\">&#9776;<\/span><span class=\"drj-btn-label\">Open nav menu<\/span><\/button><div class=\"drj-sidebar drj-mobile-collapsed\" id=\"drj-sidebar-root\" style=\"display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:6px;\"><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:6px;background:#AC5A83;color:#000;border:2px solid #1a1a1a;border-radius:8px;padding:9px 10px;\"><span class=\"drj-toggle\" data-target=\"drj-sec-790\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-flex;width:18px;height:18px;align-items:center;justify-content:center;flex-shrink:0;border:1px solid #1a1a1a;border-radius:3px;background:rgba(255,255,255,0.55);\"><span class=\"drj-arrow-symbol\" style=\"font-size:12px;font-weight:700;line-height:1;color:#000;\">&#8722;<\/span><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/illustrated-lectures\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-weight:700;font-size:15px;\">Dr. J&#039;s Illustrated Lectures<\/a><\/div><div class=\"drj-children\" id=\"drj-sec-790\" style=\"margin-top:3px;display:block;background:#F5EBF0;border-left:2px solid #AC5A83;border-radius:0 5px 5px 0;padding:2px 0 2px 8px;\"><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span style=\"display:inline-block;width:18px;flex-shrink:0;\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/illustrated-lectures\/greek-drama\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;\">Greek Drama<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span class=\"drj-toggle\" data-target=\"drj-c-802\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-flex;width:18px;height:18px;align-items:center;justify-content:center;flex-shrink:0;border:1px solid #1a1a1a;border-radius:3px;background:rgba(255,255,255,0.55);\"><span class=\"drj-arrow-symbol\" style=\"font-size:12px;font-weight:700;line-height:1;color:#000;\">&#8722;<\/span><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/illustrated-lectures\/greek-history\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;font-weight:700;text-decoration:underline;\">Greek History<\/a><\/div><div class=\"drj-children\" id=\"drj-c-802\" style=\"margin-left:18px;display:block;background:#F5EBF0;border-left:2px solid #AC5A83;border-radius:0 5px 5px 0;padding:2px 0 2px 8px;\"><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span style=\"display:inline-block;width:18px;flex-shrink:0;\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/illustrated-lectures\/greek-history\/archaic-age\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;\">Archaic Age<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span style=\"display:inline-block;width:18px;flex-shrink:0;\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/illustrated-lectures\/greek-history\/classical-age\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;\">Classical Age<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span style=\"display:inline-block;width:18px;flex-shrink:0;\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/illustrated-lectures\/greek-history\/persian-wars\/\" style=\"background:#FFD84D;border:1px solid #1a1a1a;border-radius:4px;padding:2px 7px;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;color:#000;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;\">&#9679; Persian Wars<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span style=\"display:inline-block;width:18px;flex-shrink:0;\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/illustrated-lectures\/greek-theater\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;\">Greek Theater<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span style=\"display:inline-block;width:18px;flex-shrink:0;\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/illustrated-lectures\/parthenon-marbles\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;\">Parthenon Marbles<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span style=\"display:inline-block;width:18px;flex-shrink:0;\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/illustrated-lectures\/road-to-the-recovery-of-ancient-buildings\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;\">Road to the Recovery of Ancient Buildings<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span style=\"display:inline-block;width:18px;flex-shrink:0;\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/illustrated-lectures\/the-mythic-hero\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;\">The Mythic Hero<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:6px;background:#257CA8;color:#000;border:2px solid #1a1a1a;border-radius:8px;padding:9px 10px;\"><span class=\"drj-toggle\" data-target=\"drj-sec-26\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-flex;width:18px;height:18px;align-items:center;justify-content:center;flex-shrink:0;border:1px solid #1a1a1a;border-radius:3px;background:rgba(255,255,255,0.55);\"><span class=\"drj-arrow-symbol\" style=\"font-size:12px;font-weight:700;line-height:1;color:#000;\">+<\/span><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/greece\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-weight:700;font-size:15px;\">Dr. J&#039;s Illustrated Sites of Greece<\/a><\/div><div class=\"drj-children\" id=\"drj-sec-26\" style=\"margin-top:3px;display:none;background:#E5EFF5;border-left:2px solid #257CA8;border-radius:0 5px 5px 0;padding:2px 0 2px 8px;\"><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span class=\"drj-toggle\" data-target=\"drj-c-360\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-flex;width:18px;height:18px;align-items:center;justify-content:center;flex-shrink:0;border:1px solid #1a1a1a;border-radius:3px;background:rgba(255,255,255,0.55);\"><span class=\"drj-arrow-symbol\" style=\"font-size:12px;font-weight:700;line-height:1;color:#000;\">+<\/span><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/greece\/argolid\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;\">Argolid<\/a><\/div><div class=\"drj-children\" id=\"drj-c-360\" style=\"margin-left:18px;display:none;background:#E5EFF5;border-left:2px solid #257CA8;border-radius:0 5px 5px 0;padding:2px 0 2px 8px;\"><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span style=\"display:inline-block;width:18px;flex-shrink:0;\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/greece\/argolid\/epidavros\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;\">Epidavros<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span class=\"drj-toggle\" data-target=\"drj-c-366\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-flex;width:18px;height:18px;align-items:center;justify-content:center;flex-shrink:0;border:1px solid #1a1a1a;border-radius:3px;background:rgba(255,255,255,0.55);\"><span class=\"drj-arrow-symbol\" style=\"font-size:12px;font-weight:700;line-height:1;color:#000;\">+<\/span><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/greece\/argolid\/mycenae\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;\">Mycenae<\/a><\/div><div class=\"drj-children\" id=\"drj-c-366\" style=\"margin-left:18px;display:none;background:#E5EFF5;border-left:2px solid #257CA8;border-radius:0 5px 5px 0;padding:2px 0 2px 8px;\"><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span style=\"display:inline-block;width:18px;flex-shrink:0;\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/greece\/argolid\/mycenae\/cistern\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;\">Cistern<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span style=\"display:inline-block;width:18px;flex-shrink:0;\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/greece\/argolid\/mycenae\/clytemnestras-tomb\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;\">Clytemnestra&#8217;s Tomb<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span style=\"display:inline-block;width:18px;flex-shrink:0;\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/greece\/argolid\/mycenae\/grave-circles\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;\">Grave Circles<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span style=\"display:inline-block;width:18px;flex-shrink:0;\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/greece\/argolid\/mycenae\/kings-megaron\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;\">King&#8217;s Megaron<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span style=\"display:inline-block;width:18px;flex-shrink:0;\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/greece\/argolid\/mycenae\/lion-tomb\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;\">Lion Tomb<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span style=\"display:inline-block;width:18px;flex-shrink:0;\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/greece\/argolid\/mycenae\/lions-gate\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;\">Lion&#8217;s Gate<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span style=\"display:inline-block;width:18px;flex-shrink:0;\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/greece\/argolid\/mycenae\/treasury-of-atreus\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;\">Treasury of Atreus<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span style=\"display:inline-block;width:18px;flex-shrink:0;\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/greece\/argolid\/nauplion\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;\">Nauplion<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span style=\"display:inline-block;width:18px;flex-shrink:0;\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/greece\/argolid\/tiryns\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;\">Tiryns<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span class=\"drj-toggle\" data-target=\"drj-c-30\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-flex;width:18px;height:18px;align-items:center;justify-content:center;flex-shrink:0;border:1px solid #1a1a1a;border-radius:3px;background:rgba(255,255,255,0.55);\"><span class=\"drj-arrow-symbol\" style=\"font-size:12px;font-weight:700;line-height:1;color:#000;\">+<\/span><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/greece\/athens\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;\">Athens<\/a><\/div><div class=\"drj-children\" id=\"drj-c-30\" style=\"margin-left:18px;display:none;background:#E5EFF5;border-left:2px solid #257CA8;border-radius:0 5px 5px 0;padding:2px 0 2px 8px;\"><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span style=\"display:inline-block;width:18px;flex-shrink:0;\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/greece\/athens\/acropolis\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;\">Acropolis<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span style=\"display:inline-block;width:18px;flex-shrink:0;\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/greece\/athens\/acropolis-museum\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;\">Acropolis Museum<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span style=\"display:inline-block;width:18px;flex-shrink:0;\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/greece\/athens\/agora\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;\">Agora<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span style=\"display:inline-block;width:18px;flex-shrink:0;\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/greece\/athens\/arch-of-hadrian\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;\">Arch of Hadrian<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span style=\"display:inline-block;width:18px;flex-shrink:0;\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/greece\/athens\/areopagus\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;\">Areopagus<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span style=\"display:inline-block;width:18px;flex-shrink:0;\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/greece\/athens\/choregic-monument-of-lysikrates\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;\">Choregic Monument of Lysikrates<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span style=\"display:inline-block;width:18px;flex-shrink:0;\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/greece\/athens\/choregic-monument-of-thrasyllos\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;\">Choregic Monument of Thrasyllos<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span style=\"display:inline-block;width:18px;flex-shrink:0;\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/greece\/athens\/erechtheum\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;\">Erechtheum<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span style=\"display:inline-block;width:18px;flex-shrink:0;\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/greece\/athens\/keramikos\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;\">Keramikos<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span style=\"display:inline-block;width:18px;flex-shrink:0;\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/greece\/athens\/parthenon\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;\">Parthenon<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span style=\"display:inline-block;width:18px;flex-shrink:0;\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/greece\/athens\/philopappos-hill\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;\">Philopappos Hill<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span style=\"display:inline-block;width:18px;flex-shrink:0;\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/greece\/athens\/propylaia\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;\">Propylaia<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span style=\"display:inline-block;width:18px;flex-shrink:0;\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/greece\/athens\/pynx\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;\">Pynx<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span class=\"drj-toggle\" data-target=\"drj-c-237\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-flex;width:18px;height:18px;align-items:center;justify-content:center;flex-shrink:0;border:1px solid #1a1a1a;border-radius:3px;background:rgba(255,255,255,0.55);\"><span class=\"drj-arrow-symbol\" style=\"font-size:12px;font-weight:700;line-height:1;color:#000;\">+<\/span><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/greece\/athens\/south-slope\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;\">South Slope<\/a><\/div><div class=\"drj-children\" id=\"drj-c-237\" style=\"margin-left:18px;display:none;background:#E5EFF5;border-left:2px solid #257CA8;border-radius:0 5px 5px 0;padding:2px 0 2px 8px;\"><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span style=\"display:inline-block;width:18px;flex-shrink:0;\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/greece\/athens\/south-slope\/theater-of-dionysus\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;\">Theater of Dionysus<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span style=\"display:inline-block;width:18px;flex-shrink:0;\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/greece\/athens\/stoa-of-eumenes-and-odeum-of-herodes-atticus\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;\">Stoa of Eumenes and Odeum of Herodes Atticus<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span style=\"display:inline-block;width:18px;flex-shrink:0;\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/greece\/athens\/temple-of-asklepios-building-complex\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;\">Temple of Asklepios Building Complex<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span style=\"display:inline-block;width:18px;flex-shrink:0;\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/greece\/athens\/athena-nike\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;\">Temple of Athena Nike<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span style=\"display:inline-block;width:18px;flex-shrink:0;\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/greece\/athens\/temple-of-olympian-zeus\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;\">Temple of Olympian Zeus<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span class=\"drj-toggle\" data-target=\"drj-c-298\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-flex;width:18px;height:18px;align-items:center;justify-content:center;flex-shrink:0;border:1px solid #1a1a1a;border-radius:3px;background:rgba(255,255,255,0.55);\"><span class=\"drj-arrow-symbol\" style=\"font-size:12px;font-weight:700;line-height:1;color:#000;\">+<\/span><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/greece\/attica\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;\">Attica<\/a><\/div><div class=\"drj-children\" id=\"drj-c-298\" style=\"margin-left:18px;display:none;background:#E5EFF5;border-left:2px solid #257CA8;border-radius:0 5px 5px 0;padding:2px 0 2px 8px;\"><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span style=\"display:inline-block;width:18px;flex-shrink:0;\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/greece\/attica\/eleusis\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;\">Eleusis<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span style=\"display:inline-block;width:18px;flex-shrink:0;\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/greece\/attica\/sounion\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;\">Sounion<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span style=\"display:inline-block;width:18px;flex-shrink:0;\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/greece\/attica\/thorikos\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;\">Thorikos<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span class=\"drj-toggle\" data-target=\"drj-c-346\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-flex;width:18px;height:18px;align-items:center;justify-content:center;flex-shrink:0;border:1px solid #1a1a1a;border-radius:3px;background:rgba(255,255,255,0.55);\"><span class=\"drj-arrow-symbol\" style=\"font-size:12px;font-weight:700;line-height:1;color:#000;\">+<\/span><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/greece\/boeotia\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;\">Boeotia<\/a><\/div><div class=\"drj-children\" id=\"drj-c-346\" style=\"margin-left:18px;display:none;background:#E5EFF5;border-left:2px solid #257CA8;border-radius:0 5px 5px 0;padding:2px 0 2px 8px;\"><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span style=\"display:inline-block;width:18px;flex-shrink:0;\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/greece\/boeotia\/chaironeia\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;\">Chaironeia<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span class=\"drj-toggle\" data-target=\"drj-c-330\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-flex;width:18px;height:18px;align-items:center;justify-content:center;flex-shrink:0;border:1px solid #1a1a1a;border-radius:3px;background:rgba(255,255,255,0.55);\"><span class=\"drj-arrow-symbol\" style=\"font-size:12px;font-weight:700;line-height:1;color:#000;\">+<\/span><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/greece\/corinthia\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;\">Corinthia<\/a><\/div><div class=\"drj-children\" id=\"drj-c-330\" style=\"margin-left:18px;display:none;background:#E5EFF5;border-left:2px solid #257CA8;border-radius:0 5px 5px 0;padding:2px 0 2px 8px;\"><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span style=\"display:inline-block;width:18px;flex-shrink:0;\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/greece\/corinthia\/corinth\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;\">Corinth<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span style=\"display:inline-block;width:18px;flex-shrink:0;\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/greece\/corinthia\/isthmia\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;\">Isthmia<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span class=\"drj-toggle\" data-target=\"drj-c-477\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-flex;width:18px;height:18px;align-items:center;justify-content:center;flex-shrink:0;border:1px solid #1a1a1a;border-radius:3px;background:rgba(255,255,255,0.55);\"><span class=\"drj-arrow-symbol\" style=\"font-size:12px;font-weight:700;line-height:1;color:#000;\">+<\/span><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/greece\/crete\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;\">Crete<\/a><\/div><div class=\"drj-children\" id=\"drj-c-477\" style=\"margin-left:18px;display:none;background:#E5EFF5;border-left:2px solid #257CA8;border-radius:0 5px 5px 0;padding:2px 0 2px 8px;\"><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span style=\"display:inline-block;width:18px;flex-shrink:0;\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/greece\/crete\/cnossos\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;\">Cnossos<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span style=\"display:inline-block;width:18px;flex-shrink:0;\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/greece\/crete\/phaistos\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;\">Phaistos<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span style=\"display:inline-block;width:18px;flex-shrink:0;\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/greece\/crete\/zakros\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;\">Zakros<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span class=\"drj-toggle\" data-target=\"drj-c-471\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-flex;width:18px;height:18px;align-items:center;justify-content:center;flex-shrink:0;border:1px solid #1a1a1a;border-radius:3px;background:rgba(255,255,255,0.55);\"><span class=\"drj-arrow-symbol\" style=\"font-size:12px;font-weight:700;line-height:1;color:#000;\">+<\/span><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/greece\/cycladic-islands\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;\">Cycladic Islands<\/a><\/div><div class=\"drj-children\" id=\"drj-c-471\" style=\"margin-left:18px;display:none;background:#E5EFF5;border-left:2px solid #257CA8;border-radius:0 5px 5px 0;padding:2px 0 2px 8px;\"><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span style=\"display:inline-block;width:18px;flex-shrink:0;\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/greece\/cycladic-islands\/delos\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;\">Delos<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span style=\"display:inline-block;width:18px;flex-shrink:0;\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/greece\/cycladic-islands\/santorini\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;\">Santorini<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span class=\"drj-toggle\" data-target=\"drj-c-446\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-flex;width:18px;height:18px;align-items:center;justify-content:center;flex-shrink:0;border:1px solid #1a1a1a;border-radius:3px;background:rgba(255,255,255,0.55);\"><span class=\"drj-arrow-symbol\" style=\"font-size:12px;font-weight:700;line-height:1;color:#000;\">+<\/span><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/greece\/eleia\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;\">Eleia<\/a><\/div><div class=\"drj-children\" id=\"drj-c-446\" style=\"margin-left:18px;display:none;background:#E5EFF5;border-left:2px solid #257CA8;border-radius:0 5px 5px 0;padding:2px 0 2px 8px;\"><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span class=\"drj-toggle\" data-target=\"drj-c-448\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-flex;width:18px;height:18px;align-items:center;justify-content:center;flex-shrink:0;border:1px solid #1a1a1a;border-radius:3px;background:rgba(255,255,255,0.55);\"><span class=\"drj-arrow-symbol\" style=\"font-size:12px;font-weight:700;line-height:1;color:#000;\">+<\/span><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/greece\/eleia\/olympia\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;\">Olympia<\/a><\/div><div class=\"drj-children\" id=\"drj-c-448\" style=\"margin-left:18px;display:none;background:#E5EFF5;border-left:2px solid #257CA8;border-radius:0 5px 5px 0;padding:2px 0 2px 8px;\"><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span style=\"display:inline-block;width:18px;flex-shrink:0;\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/greece\/eleia\/olympia\/olympia-museum\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;\">Olympia Museum<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span style=\"display:inline-block;width:18px;flex-shrink:0;\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/greece\/eleia\/olympia\/olympics\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;\">Olympics<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span style=\"display:inline-block;width:18px;flex-shrink:0;\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/greece\/eleia\/olympia\/sacred-precinct-altis\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;\">Sacred Precinct (Altis)<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span style=\"display:inline-block;width:18px;flex-shrink:0;\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/greece\/eleia\/olympia\/site-of-olympia\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;\">Site of Olympia<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span class=\"drj-toggle\" data-target=\"drj-c-319\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-flex;width:18px;height:18px;align-items:center;justify-content:center;flex-shrink:0;border:1px solid #1a1a1a;border-radius:3px;background:rgba(255,255,255,0.55);\"><span class=\"drj-arrow-symbol\" style=\"font-size:12px;font-weight:700;line-height:1;color:#000;\">+<\/span><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/greece\/messenia\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;\">Messenia<\/a><\/div><div class=\"drj-children\" id=\"drj-c-319\" style=\"margin-left:18px;display:none;background:#E5EFF5;border-left:2px solid #257CA8;border-radius:0 5px 5px 0;padding:2px 0 2px 8px;\"><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span style=\"display:inline-block;width:18px;flex-shrink:0;\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/greece\/messenia\/pylos\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;\">Pylos<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span class=\"drj-toggle\" data-target=\"drj-c-405\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-flex;width:18px;height:18px;align-items:center;justify-content:center;flex-shrink:0;border:1px solid #1a1a1a;border-radius:3px;background:rgba(255,255,255,0.55);\"><span class=\"drj-arrow-symbol\" style=\"font-size:12px;font-weight:700;line-height:1;color:#000;\">+<\/span><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/greece\/northern-greece\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;\">Northern Greece<\/a><\/div><div class=\"drj-children\" id=\"drj-c-405\" style=\"margin-left:18px;display:none;background:#E5EFF5;border-left:2px solid #257CA8;border-radius:0 5px 5px 0;padding:2px 0 2px 8px;\"><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span class=\"drj-toggle\" data-target=\"drj-c-412\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-flex;width:18px;height:18px;align-items:center;justify-content:center;flex-shrink:0;border:1px solid #1a1a1a;border-radius:3px;background:rgba(255,255,255,0.55);\"><span class=\"drj-arrow-symbol\" style=\"font-size:12px;font-weight:700;line-height:1;color:#000;\">+<\/span><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/greece\/northern-greece\/delphi\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;\">Delphi<\/a><\/div><div class=\"drj-children\" id=\"drj-c-412\" style=\"margin-left:18px;display:none;background:#E5EFF5;border-left:2px solid #257CA8;border-radius:0 5px 5px 0;padding:2px 0 2px 8px;\"><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span style=\"display:inline-block;width:18px;flex-shrink:0;\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/greece\/northern-greece\/delphi\/castalian-spring\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;\">Castalian Spring<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span style=\"display:inline-block;width:18px;flex-shrink:0;\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/greece\/northern-greece\/delphi\/corycian-cave\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;\">Corycian Cave<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span style=\"display:inline-block;width:18px;flex-shrink:0;\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/greece\/northern-greece\/delphi\/marmara\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;\">Marmara<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span style=\"display:inline-block;width:18px;flex-shrink:0;\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/greece\/northern-greece\/delphi\/mt-parnassos\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;\">Mt. Parnassos<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span style=\"display:inline-block;width:18px;flex-shrink:0;\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/greece\/northern-greece\/delphi\/sacred-way\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;\">Sacred Way<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span style=\"display:inline-block;width:18px;flex-shrink:0;\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/greece\/northern-greece\/delphi\/stadium\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;\">Stadium<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span style=\"display:inline-block;width:18px;flex-shrink:0;\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/greece\/northern-greece\/delphi\/temple-of-apollo\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;\">Theater<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span style=\"display:inline-block;width:18px;flex-shrink:0;\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/greece\/northern-greece\/delphi\/training-area\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;\">Training Area<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span style=\"display:inline-block;width:18px;flex-shrink:0;\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/greece\/northern-greece\/mt-olympos\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;\">Mt. Olympos<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span style=\"display:inline-block;width:18px;flex-shrink:0;\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/greece\/northern-greece\/naupaktos\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;\">Naupaktos<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span class=\"drj-toggle\" data-target=\"drj-c-460\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-flex;width:18px;height:18px;align-items:center;justify-content:center;flex-shrink:0;border:1px solid #1a1a1a;border-radius:3px;background:rgba(255,255,255,0.55);\"><span class=\"drj-arrow-symbol\" style=\"font-size:12px;font-weight:700;line-height:1;color:#000;\">+<\/span><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/greece\/saronic-gulf-islands\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;\">Saronic Gulf Islands<\/a><\/div><div class=\"drj-children\" id=\"drj-c-460\" style=\"margin-left:18px;display:none;background:#E5EFF5;border-left:2px solid #257CA8;border-radius:0 5px 5px 0;padding:2px 0 2px 8px;\"><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span style=\"display:inline-block;width:18px;flex-shrink:0;\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/greece\/saronic-gulf-islands\/aegina\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;\">Aegina<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span style=\"display:inline-block;width:18px;flex-shrink:0;\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/greece\/saronic-gulf-islands\/spetses\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;\">Spetses<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:6px;background:#D52D81;color:#000;border:2px solid #1a1a1a;border-radius:8px;padding:9px 10px;\"><span class=\"drj-toggle\" data-target=\"drj-sec-486\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-flex;width:18px;height:18px;align-items:center;justify-content:center;flex-shrink:0;border:1px solid #1a1a1a;border-radius:3px;background:rgba(255,255,255,0.55);\"><span class=\"drj-arrow-symbol\" style=\"font-size:12px;font-weight:700;line-height:1;color:#000;\">+<\/span><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/italy\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-weight:700;font-size:15px;\">Dr. J&#039;s Illustrated Sites of Italy<\/a><\/div><div class=\"drj-children\" id=\"drj-sec-486\" style=\"margin-top:3px;display:none;background:#FAE6F0;border-left:2px solid #D52D81;border-radius:0 5px 5px 0;padding:2px 0 2px 8px;\"><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span style=\"display:inline-block;width:18px;flex-shrink:0;\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/italy\/herculaneum\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;\">Herculaneum<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span style=\"display:inline-block;width:18px;flex-shrink:0;\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/italy\/ostia\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;\">Ostia<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span style=\"display:inline-block;width:18px;flex-shrink:0;\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/italy\/paestum\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;\">Paestum<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span style=\"display:inline-block;width:18px;flex-shrink:0;\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/italy\/pompeii\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;\">Pompeii<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span class=\"drj-toggle\" data-target=\"drj-c-488\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-flex;width:18px;height:18px;align-items:center;justify-content:center;flex-shrink:0;border:1px solid #1a1a1a;border-radius:3px;background:rgba(255,255,255,0.55);\"><span class=\"drj-arrow-symbol\" style=\"font-size:12px;font-weight:700;line-height:1;color:#000;\">+<\/span><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/italy\/rome\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;\">Rome<\/a><\/div><div class=\"drj-children\" id=\"drj-c-488\" style=\"margin-left:18px;display:none;background:#FAE6F0;border-left:2px solid #D52D81;border-radius:0 5px 5px 0;padding:2px 0 2px 8px;\"><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span style=\"display:inline-block;width:18px;flex-shrink:0;\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/italy\/rome\/ara-pacis\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;\">Ara Pacis<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span style=\"display:inline-block;width:18px;flex-shrink:0;\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/italy\/rome\/colosseum\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;\">Colosseum<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span style=\"display:inline-block;width:18px;flex-shrink:0;\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/italy\/rome\/fora\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;\">Fora<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span style=\"display:inline-block;width:18px;flex-shrink:0;\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/italy\/rome\/vatican-museum\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;\">Vatican Museum<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span style=\"display:inline-block;width:18px;flex-shrink:0;\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/italy\/rome\/villa-farnesina\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;\">Villa Farnesina<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span style=\"display:inline-block;width:18px;flex-shrink:0;\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/italy\/rome\/villa-giulia\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;\">Villa Giulia<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span style=\"display:inline-block;width:18px;flex-shrink:0;\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/italy\/vesuvius\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;\">Vesuvius<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:6px;background:#FF9900;color:#000;border:2px solid #1a1a1a;border-radius:8px;padding:9px 10px;\"><span class=\"drj-toggle\" data-target=\"drj-sec-504\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-flex;width:18px;height:18px;align-items:center;justify-content:center;flex-shrink:0;border:1px solid #1a1a1a;border-radius:3px;background:rgba(255,255,255,0.55);\"><span class=\"drj-arrow-symbol\" style=\"font-size:12px;font-weight:700;line-height:1;color:#000;\">+<\/span><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/other-sites\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-weight:700;font-size:15px;\">Dr. J&#039;s Other Illustrated Sites<\/a><\/div><div class=\"drj-children\" id=\"drj-sec-504\" style=\"margin-top:3px;display:none;background:#FFF3E0;border-left:2px solid #FF9900;border-radius:0 5px 5px 0;padding:2px 0 2px 8px;\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:6px;background:#338533;color:#000;border:2px solid #1a1a1a;border-radius:8px;padding:9px 10px;\"><span class=\"drj-toggle\" data-target=\"drj-sec-508\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-flex;width:18px;height:18px;align-items:center;justify-content:center;flex-shrink:0;border:1px solid #1a1a1a;border-radius:3px;background:rgba(255,255,255,0.55);\"><span class=\"drj-arrow-symbol\" style=\"font-size:12px;font-weight:700;line-height:1;color:#000;\">+<\/span><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/texts\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-weight:700;font-size:15px;\">Dr. J&#039;s Illustrated Texts<\/a><\/div><div class=\"drj-children\" id=\"drj-sec-508\" style=\"margin-top:3px;display:none;background:#E7F0E7;border-left:2px solid #338533;border-radius:0 5px 5px 0;padding:2px 0 2px 8px;\"><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span style=\"display:inline-block;width:18px;flex-shrink:0;\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/texts\/aeschylus-oresteia\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;\">Aeschylus&#8217; Oresteia<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span class=\"drj-toggle\" data-target=\"drj-c-510\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-flex;width:18px;height:18px;align-items:center;justify-content:center;flex-shrink:0;border:1px solid #1a1a1a;border-radius:3px;background:rgba(255,255,255,0.55);\"><span class=\"drj-arrow-symbol\" style=\"font-size:12px;font-weight:700;line-height:1;color:#000;\">+<\/span><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/texts\/pericles-funeral-oration\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;\">Pericles&#8217; Funeral Oration<\/a><\/div><div class=\"drj-children\" id=\"drj-c-510\" style=\"margin-left:18px;display:none;background:#E7F0E7;border-left:2px solid #338533;border-radius:0 5px 5px 0;padding:2px 0 2px 8px;\"><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span style=\"display:inline-block;width:18px;flex-shrink:0;\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/texts\/pericles-funeral-oration\/pericles-and-america\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;\">Pericles and America<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span style=\"display:inline-block;width:18px;flex-shrink:0;\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/texts\/pericles-funeral-oration\/pericles-and-philadelphia\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;\">Pericles and Philadelphia<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span style=\"display:inline-block;width:18px;flex-shrink:0;\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/texts\/platos-apology\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;\">Plato&#8217;s Apology<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span style=\"display:inline-block;width:18px;flex-shrink:0;\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/texts\/socrates-and-the-apology\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;\">Socrates and The Apology<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span style=\"display:inline-block;width:18px;flex-shrink:0;\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/texts\/the-sphinx-and-oedipus-rex\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;\">The Sphinx and Oedipus Rex<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:6px;background:#CC6699;color:#000;border:2px solid #1a1a1a;border-radius:8px;padding:9px 10px;\"><span class=\"drj-toggle\" data-target=\"drj-sec-823\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-flex;width:18px;height:18px;align-items:center;justify-content:center;flex-shrink:0;border:1px solid #1a1a1a;border-radius:3px;background:rgba(255,255,255,0.55);\"><span class=\"drj-arrow-symbol\" style=\"font-size:12px;font-weight:700;line-height:1;color:#000;\">+<\/span><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/latin-at-hsc\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-weight:700;font-size:15px;\">Latin at HSC<\/a><\/div><div class=\"drj-children\" id=\"drj-sec-823\" style=\"margin-top:3px;display:none;background:#F9EDF3;border-left:2px solid #CC6699;border-radius:0 5px 5px 0;padding:2px 0 2px 8px;\"><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span style=\"display:inline-block;width:18px;flex-shrink:0;\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/latin-at-hsc\/explanations\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;\">Explanations<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span style=\"display:inline-block;width:18px;flex-shrink:0;\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/latin-at-hsc\/paradigms\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;\">Paradigms<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:3px 0;\"><span style=\"display:inline-block;width:18px;flex-shrink:0;\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/latin-at-hsc\/vocabulary\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;\">Vocabulary<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"drj-node\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:6px;background:#FF0000;color:#000;border:2px solid #1a1a1a;border-radius:8px;padding:9px 10px;\"><span class=\"drj-toggle\" data-target=\"drj-sec-1263\" style=\"cursor:pointer;display:inline-flex;width:18px;height:18px;align-items:center;justify-content:center;flex-shrink:0;border:1px solid #1a1a1a;border-radius:3px;background:rgba(255,255,255,0.55);\"><span class=\"drj-arrow-symbol\" style=\"font-size:12px;font-weight:700;line-height:1;color:#000;\">+<\/span><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/romans-in\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;font-weight:700;font-size:15px;\">Romans In... (Germany, Gallia...) Teacher Workshops<\/a><\/div><div class=\"drj-children\" id=\"drj-sec-1263\" style=\"margin-top:3px;display:none;background:#FFE0E0;border-left:2px solid #FF0000;border-radius:0 5px 5px 0;padding:2px 0 2px 8px;\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><script>(function(){document.querySelectorAll(\".drj-toggle\").forEach(function(t){if(t.__drjBound)return;t.__drjBound=true;t.addEventListener(\"click\",function(e){e.preventDefault();var targetId=t.getAttribute(\"data-target\");var target=document.getElementById(targetId);if(!target)return;var symbol=t.querySelector(\".drj-arrow-symbol\");var isOpen=target.style.display!==\"none\";target.style.display=isOpen?\"none\":\"block\";if(symbol)symbol.textContent=isOpen?\"+\":\"\\u2212\";});});})();<\/script><script>(function(){\r\nvar STORAGE_KEY = \"drj_mobile_nav_open\";\r\nvar sidebar = document.getElementById(\"drj-sidebar-root\");\r\nvar btn = document.getElementById(\"drj-mobile-nav-btn\");\r\nif (!sidebar || !btn) return;\r\nfunction setState(isOpen){\r\n  var label = btn.querySelector(\".drj-btn-label\");\r\n  if (isOpen) {\r\n    sidebar.classList.remove(\"drj-mobile-collapsed\");\r\n    btn.setAttribute(\"aria-expanded\",\"true\");\r\n    if (label) label.textContent = \"Close nav menu\";\r\n  } else {\r\n    sidebar.classList.add(\"drj-mobile-collapsed\");\r\n    btn.setAttribute(\"aria-expanded\",\"false\");\r\n    if (label) label.textContent = \"Open nav menu\";\r\n  }\r\n}\r\nvar stored = null;\r\ntry { stored = sessionStorage.getItem(STORAGE_KEY); } catch(e) {}\r\nsetState(stored === \"open\");\r\nbtn.addEventListener(\"click\", function(){\r\n  var willOpen = sidebar.classList.contains(\"drj-mobile-collapsed\");\r\n  setState(willOpen);\r\n  try { sessionStorage.setItem(STORAGE_KEY, willOpen ? \"open\" : \"closed\"); } catch(e) {}\r\n});\r\n})();<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-75 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-j9xhezv\" data-id=\"j9xhezv\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uvymyt8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-drj_breadcrumb\" data-id=\"uvymyt8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"drj_breadcrumb.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div style=\"background:#AC5A83;display:inline-block;padding:6px 13px;border-radius:6px;border:1px solid #1a1a1a;font-size:14px;color:#000;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;\">Home<\/a> \/ <a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/illustrated-lectures\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;\">Illustrated Lectures<\/a> \/ <a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/illustrated-lectures\/greek-history\/\" style=\"color:#000;text-decoration:none;\">Greek History<\/a> \/ <span style=\"font-weight:700;\">Persian Wars<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-zhaf8t6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"zhaf8t6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dr. J&#8217;s\n                Illustrated Persian Wars<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1msricb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1msricb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The Classical Age begins with the\n    monumental Greek victory over the Persians in what have become known to us as the Persian\n    Wars. Pericles makes reference to these wars when he boasts about the previous generation\n    of Athenians&#8217; success in &#8220;stemming the tide of foreign aggression.&#8221; The Persian\n    Wars were really a series of Persian versus Greek battles, in which Greek citizens from\n    many city-states fought against the barbarian (as they saw it) invaders. The Persian Wars\n    are said to have been provoked by the gradual rejection of Persian authority by the Greek\n    colonies along the Ionian coast (across the Aegean Sea from Athens, on the shore of the\n    continent of Asia) from 499-494 BC.\u00a0 Living in the shadow of the Persian Empire, and\n    tired of paying tribute, some of the colonies (founded during the Archaic period during\n    the Age of Expansion\/Colonization) tried flexing their muscles and were immediately and\n    utterly trounced by the much more formidable Persians. Once the Persians invaded\n                Eretria,\n    one of the big naysayers, and enslaved her population, Athens (Persia&#8217;s next target) knew\n    that trouble was coming down the pike and prepared as best she could&#8230;<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3exdalm elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3exdalm\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The\n    Battle Of Marathon (490 BC)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d8ouufy elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"d8ouufy\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2026\/08\/9407MID.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"9407MID\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MjMxMSwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL2Jsb2dzLmhzYy5lZHVcL2RyamNsYXNzaWNzXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC9zaXRlc1wvN1wvMjAyNlwvMDhcLzk0MDdNSUQuanBnIn0%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"142\" height=\"200\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2026\/08\/9407MID.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2311\" alt=\"Persian Wars \u2014 photograph 1 of 15\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3w7rg5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3w7rg5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Herodotus assures us that the Greek victory\n    that stunned both sides was the result of a shrewd battleplan: the great Athenian general\n    Miltiades chose not to deploy his troops in the traditional way, with the bulk of his men\n    in the middle of a phalanx of soldiers. Instead, he thinned out the ranks in the center,\n    giving the Persians a false sense of imminent victory. After the Persians easily broke\n    through the ranks, they were swarmed by Greek soldiers attacking from the flanks\n    (Athenians from one side and Plataeans from the other). Herodotus also tells us that for\n    the first time Athenian slaves were freed so that they could fight for the Athenian cause.\n    After the battle, the Athenians built this treasury (photo upper left) at Delphi to hold\n    all their votive offerings to the oracle.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-azlrxsj elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"azlrxsj\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The Battle of Marathon spawned legends immediately: witnesses\n    swore that the ghost of Theseus (mythical king of Athens) loomed over the field, giving\n    confidence to his countrymen; the messenger Phidippides is said to have run into the god\n    Pan on his way to ask for help from the Spartans and received the god&#8217;s help instead (and\n    too, the old story about how he died after running the equivalent of 26 miles to deliver\n    news of the victory at Marathon is not supported by any ancient source&#8230;); and some say\n    that the clash of arms can still be heard today on the Plain of Marathon at night.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4em1yzh elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4em1yzh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The story of a victory run from Marathon to Athens first appears in<br>\n    Plutarch&#8217;s <i> Moralia<\/i> (347C) over half a millennium later than the Persian Wars;\n    he gives credit to either Thersippus or Eukles. Lucian, in the second\n    century AD, says that a PhiLippides ran from Marathon.<br>\n    The story is probably a confused version of the even more astounding run\n    that Herodotus tells us PhiDippides completed from Athens to Sparta just\n    BEFORE the battle. He went to seek Spartan aid and took 2 days to run the\n    145 miles between the two cities &#8212; an impressive, but not unbelievable feat\n                (Hdt. 6.105-6)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ggla5dw elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ggla5dw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pausanias (1.33.2) tells us that\n    the Persians were so sure of victory that they had brought with them a block of marble to\n    be carved into a victory monument. Instead, the great Athenian sculptor Pheidias carved it\n    into a statue of the god Nemesis, avenger of wicked actions, plainly indicating that the\n    Persians got exactly what they deserved. See Book 6 of Herodotus&#8217; <em>History<\/em>\n    for a full report on the 490 BC Battle of Marathon.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-tavvwet elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"tavvwet\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2026\/08\/attica38MID.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"attica38MID\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MjMxMiwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL2Jsb2dzLmhzYy5lZHVcL2RyamNsYXNzaWNzXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC9zaXRlc1wvN1wvMjAyNlwvMDhcL2F0dGljYTM4TUlELmpwZyJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"134\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2026\/08\/attica38MID.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2312\" alt=\"Persian Wars \u2014 photograph 2 of 15\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0rk45mv elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0rk45mv\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>On the left is\n    the  soros on site at Marathon, the burial place for the 192\n    Athenian soldiers who died fighting the Persians in the battle. Schliemann originally\n    incorrectly dated this site to the Bronze Age (an actual Bronze Age\n    tholos does lie very close by). But later Greek archaeological excavations confirmed\n    this to be the grave mound known from classical tradition. They determined that an\n    artificial floor 85 feet long was constructed for the purpose of a mass cremation,\n    followed by animal sacrifices and a funeral banquet, remains of which have also been\n    found. The mound (eroded from its original 14 meters to its present height of only 9<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fdnhzwj elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"fdnhzwj\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2026\/08\/attica37.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"attica37\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MjMxMywidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL2Jsb2dzLmhzYy5lZHVcL2RyamNsYXNzaWNzXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC9zaXRlc1wvN1wvMjAyNlwvMDhcL2F0dGljYTM3LmpwZyJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"68\" height=\"100\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2026\/08\/attica37.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2313\" alt=\"Persian Wars \u2014 photograph 3 of 15\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-rt671tf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"rt671tf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>meters) was then heaped on top. Pausanias comments that even in his day\n    (2nd century AD) the men who died at Marathon were worshipped as heroes. A modern\n    reconstruction of the ancient memorial listing the names of the dead by tribe is on\n    display as well (right).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-usx1c6o elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"usx1c6o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Because\n    the small city of Plataea had sent their entire fighting force (1000 men) to help Athens\n    in their stand-off against the Persians at Marathon, their dead, too, were honored with a\n    tomb on site. Near the  soros, another tumulus stands 4 meters\n    tall and spans 30 meters in diameter: the Tomb of the Plataeans. Marinatos&#8217; 1970\n    excavations uncovered 11 burials: 8 inhumations (skeleton burials, 2 of which are pictured\n    below), 2 cremations and 1 pithos-burial (a child, probably a later addition).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-295wlmt elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"295wlmt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2026\/08\/attica34MID.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"attica34MID\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MjMxNCwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL2Jsb2dzLmhzYy5lZHVcL2RyamNsYXNzaWNzXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC9zaXRlc1wvN1wvMjAyNlwvMDhcL2F0dGljYTM0TUlELmpwZyJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"140\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2026\/08\/attica34MID.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2314\" alt=\"Persian Wars \u2014 photograph 4 of 15\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73z1wwf elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"73z1wwf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2026\/08\/attica35MID.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"attica35MID\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MjMxNSwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL2Jsb2dzLmhzYy5lZHVcL2RyamNsYXNzaWNzXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC9zaXRlc1wvN1wvMjAyNlwvMDhcL2F0dGljYTM1TUlELmpwZyJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"133\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2026\/08\/attica35MID.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2315\" alt=\"Persian Wars \u2014 photograph 5 of 15\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-od2p7qd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"od2p7qd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>An\n    Interlude: <br>\n    Athenian Silver Strike at Laurion (483 BC)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-879c41j elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"879c41j\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2026\/08\/9801MID.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"9801MID\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MjMxNiwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL2Jsb2dzLmhzYy5lZHVcL2RyamNsYXNzaWNzXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC9zaXRlc1wvN1wvMjAyNlwvMDhcLzk4MDFNSUQuanBnIn0%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"133\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2026\/08\/9801MID.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2316\" alt=\"Persian Wars \u2014 photograph 6 of 15\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pcuwl8n elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"pcuwl8n\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nobody was\n    surprised that the Greeks won the Battle of Marathon more than the Greeks. They reveled in\n    their victory &#8211; especially the Athenians, who almost single-handedly had achieved the\n    victory (since the Spartans arrived too late to help and the Plataeans only helped bolster\n    the Greek line). And when everything was going along so well, things got even better &#8211; in\n    483 BC, the Athenians struck a rich vein of silver in one of their mines in Laurion (near\n                Sounion). The photo on the left shows one of Pericles&#8217; silver mines, in use since Mycenean\n    times.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-kshvsg8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"kshvsg8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2026\/08\/9805MID.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"9805MID\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MjMxNywidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL2Jsb2dzLmhzYy5lZHVcL2RyamNsYXNzaWNzXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC9zaXRlc1wvN1wvMjAyNlwvMDhcLzk4MDVNSUQuanBnIn0%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"133\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2026\/08\/9805MID.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2317\" alt=\"Persian Wars \u2014 photograph 7 of 15\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-sxr5tml elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"sxr5tml\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Once mined, the silver ore was placed in\n    a vat and washed: it is easy to screen the silver out this way, since dirt is lighter than\n    silver, and silver lighter than lead. The photo on the right shows a reconstructed ore\n    washer. Go here for\n    a more detailed explanation of Athenian silver mining by Andrew Wilson.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w70shzu elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w70shzu\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>After lengthy arguments, the Athenians\n    decided to invest their new-found fortune in a fleet of 200 ships, for the purpose of\n    commerce and protection. It was this silver strike that enabled the Athenians to be the\n    first Greek city-state to mint its own silver coins, too. This new-found wealth and the\n    use to which it is put is what allows Athens to become the superior power among all Greek\n    city-states in the fifth century.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e7yh39u elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"e7yh39u\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2026\/08\/50dpxback.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"50dpxback\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MjMxOCwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL2Jsb2dzLmhzYy5lZHVcL2RyamNsYXNzaWNzXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC9zaXRlc1wvN1wvMjAyNlwvMDhcLzUwZHB4YmFjay5qcGcifQ%3D%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"100\" height=\"113\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2026\/08\/50dpxback.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2318\" alt=\"Persian Wars \u2014 photograph 8 of 15\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4ly7ffp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4ly7ffp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>While the penteconter\n                was the\n        old-style ship from previous eras, the new fleet which Athens would turn against the\n        Persians at Salamis\u00a0was primarily composed of triremes. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.users.globalnet.co.uk\/~loxias\/trireme.htm\">Learn more about triremes.<\/a>\n                To the left is the obverse of the modern Greek 50 drachma coin,\n                an homage to Greek ships of the past.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-zm1g13j elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"zm1g13j\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The\n    Battle of Thermopylae (480 BC)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ma2sd3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ma2sd3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Much like in antiquity,\n    Thermopylae (called &#8220;Hot Gates&#8221; because it marks a narrow passage beyond which\n    lie hot springs) is situated along the road from northern to central\/southern Greece. In\n    fact, even though the topography has changed since antiquity (the sea used to be closer),\n    the National Road pretty much follows the same route Xerxes&#8217; Persians forces did. All\n    agree that the forces were not equally matched, although Herodotus&#8217; numbers  cannot\n    be right: he would have us believe that several thousand Greeks stood against over 5\n    million Persians. It is more likely that the Persian forces numbered about 300,000 against\n    the Greek&#8217;s 7-8000.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pqquoao elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"pqquoao\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The\n    Persians were so disheartened after the first day of fighting that they had to be whipped\n    into action (literally) the next day. With the help of a Greek turncoat, the Persians were\n    able to side-step Greek (Phocian) precautionary measures and approach the actual pass in\n    force. The Spartan commander Leonides dismissed all allies present (from nearly every\n    Peloponnesian city) except the Thebans and his own band of 300 crack fighting men. The\n    hand-to-hand combat grew so bloody that it is said that Xerxes rose three times from his\n    throne in horror at the losses. Leonides and his band fought to the last man, the\n    surviving Thebans were captured, and the Persians resumed their advance on Athens.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-t7u1iay elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"t7u1iay\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2026\/08\/north46MID.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"north46MID\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MjMxOSwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL2Jsb2dzLmhzYy5lZHVcL2RyamNsYXNzaWNzXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC9zaXRlc1wvN1wvMjAyNlwvMDhcL25vcnRoNDZNSUQuanBnIn0%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"134\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2026\/08\/north46MID.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2319\" alt=\"Persian Wars \u2014 photograph 9 of 15\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-83nlxtf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"83nlxtf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>This\n    modern memorial to the men who died defending the pass at Thermopylae was erected in 1955\n    (and was funded by America!); the bronze statue of Leonides was modeled after a fifth\n    century marble statue presently housed<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ckc74q5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"ckc74q5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2026\/08\/north44.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"north44\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MjMyMCwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL2Jsb2dzLmhzYy5lZHVcL2RyamNsYXNzaWNzXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC9zaXRlc1wvN1wvMjAyNlwvMDhcL25vcnRoNDQuanBnIn0%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"100\" height=\"76\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2026\/08\/north44.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2320\" alt=\"Persian Wars \u2014 photograph 10 of 15\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8c2g6y8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8c2g6y8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>in the Sparta museum. The\n    marble base of the memorial is composed of reliefs showing scenes from the battle and\n    bronze plaques bearing famous epigrams inspired by this conflict (photo on right).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-onupri4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"onupri4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The\n    Battle of Salamis (480 BC)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bufnrav elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"bufnrav\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2026\/08\/attica47MID.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"attica47MID\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MjMyMSwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL2Jsb2dzLmhzYy5lZHVcL2RyamNsYXNzaWNzXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC9zaXRlc1wvN1wvMjAyNlwvMDhcL2F0dGljYTQ3TUlELmpwZyJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"135\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2026\/08\/attica47MID.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2321\" alt=\"Persian Wars \u2014 photograph 11 of 15\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-gctsh4b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"gctsh4b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>It is due to\n                Themistokles&#8217; powers of persuasion that the Athenians suffered\n    no loss of life when the Persians marched into Athens and burned it to the ground. The\n    Oracle of Delphi had warned that everything Athenian would be burned to the ground except\n    for what lay behind a wooden wall: some thought that meant that the populace should huddle\n    within the walls of the Acropolis and try to outlast a Persian siege. But Themistokles\n    rightly concluded that the &#8220;wooden wall&#8221; referred to the battleline of the great\n    Athenian warships. So when the Persians did march into Athens and burn down the city, the\n    women and children had already been transported safely\u00a0 to the nearby city of Troezen\n    (birthplace of Theseus), the old men were taken to the nearby island of Salamis, and only\n    those few who remained behind the walls lost their lives.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ojhn2a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8ojhn2a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>See Herodotus (8:70-94) and\n    Aeschylus&#8217; play <em>The Persians<\/em> for ancient accounts of this battle. Scholars still\n    argue over the details, which can be pretty overwhelming, but the basic facts are these:\n    acting on false intelligence information planted by the Greeks, the Persians positioned\n    their fleet at the mouth of the Bay of Salamis, thinking to catch the Greek sailors before\n    they could man their ships in the morning. But dawn caught them walking right into a Greek\n    trap &#8211; as the Persian ships poured into the bay, the Greek ships, hiding in the channel\n    beyond the bay, rammed them broadside. The large number of Persian ships and the small\n    diameter of the bay made it difficult for the Persians to maneuver (one story in\n    particular tells of one Persian ship sinking another). The Greek victory at the Battle of\n    Salamis forced Xerxes to hightail it home, but the Persian threat wasn&#8217;t over by a long\n    shot.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-g90ga7i elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"g90ga7i\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The\n    Battle of Plataea (479 BC)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-864dmfs elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"864dmfs\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In the\u00a0 Battle of Plataea\n    (north of Athens, on the border between Attica and Boeotia), a combined Greek force (from\n    31 different city-states!) helped ward off the enemy Persians and their Greek allies the\n    Thebans, who had &#8220;medised&#8221; or &#8220;gone Persian&#8221; during these wars against\n    her own Greek brethren (it is probable that even Thebes&#8217; participation in the Battle of\n    Thermopylae was under duress &#8211; i.e., Leonides forced them to stay and defend the pass). In\n    this final battle of the Persian Wars, the Spartans killed the Persian general Mardonius\n    (whose sword is thereafter displayed in the Erechtheum on the Athenian \u00a0\u00a0\n    Acropolis as a spoil of war) and the Athenians decimated the Theban Sacred Band.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-snx29tj elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"snx29tj\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Fifty years later, though, Thebes will\n    exact retribution from the Athenian-allied Plataeans: theirs is one of the first cities\n    ravaged by Thebes in the 431 BC campaigns of the Peloponnesian War, the year of war\n    commemorated by Pericles in his famous Funeral Oration. And, of course, soon Athens and\n    Sparta will no longer be &#8220;Hellenic&#8221; allies fighting against a &#8220;foreign\n    aggressor,&#8221; but enemies in their own right (as alluded to by Pericles in that same\n    speech). See Herodotus 9.19 for a full report on the 479 BC Battle of\n                Plataea.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2yr2tuf elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"2yr2tuf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2026\/08\/9601.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"9601\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MjMyMiwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL2Jsb2dzLmhzYy5lZHVcL2RyamNsYXNzaWNzXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC9zaXRlc1wvN1wvMjAyNlwvMDhcLzk2MDEuanBnIn0%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"100\" height=\"67\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2026\/08\/9601.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2322\" alt=\"Persian Wars \u2014 photograph 12 of 15\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-49lkp7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"49lkp7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2026\/08\/IMG0105X.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"IMG0105X\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MjMyMywidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL2Jsb2dzLmhzYy5lZHVcL2RyamNsYXNzaWNzXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC9zaXRlc1wvN1wvMjAyNlwvMDhcL0lNRzAxMDVYLmpwZyJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"100\" height=\"52\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2026\/08\/IMG0105X.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2323\" alt=\"Persian Wars \u2014 photograph 13 of 15\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c7di05n elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"c7di05n\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2026\/08\/IMG0103.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"IMG0103\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MjMyNCwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL2Jsb2dzLmhzYy5lZHVcL2RyamNsYXNzaWNzXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC9zaXRlc1wvN1wvMjAyNlwvMDhcL0lNRzAxMDMuanBnIn0%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"100\" height=\"65\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2026\/08\/IMG0103.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2324\" alt=\"Persian Wars \u2014 photograph 14 of 15\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4u486eh elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4u486eh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The frieze of the\n        Temple of Athena Nike on the Acropolis (built during the Peloponnesian War) trumpets the\n        Athenian victory at that very Battle of Plataea &#8211; it is most remarkable for the frieze of\n        a Temple (especially one dedicated to Athena!) to relate an historical &#8211; not mythological &#8211;\n        battle. We are reminded that &#8220;Nike&#8221; means &#8220;Victory.&#8221;<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-z17v23i elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"z17v23i\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2026\/08\/IMG0046aMID.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"IMG0046aMID\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MjMyNSwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL2Jsb2dzLmhzYy5lZHVcL2RyamNsYXNzaWNzXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC9zaXRlc1wvN1wvMjAyNlwvMDhcL0lNRzAwNDZhTUlELmpwZyJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"133\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2026\/08\/IMG0046aMID.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2325\" alt=\"Persian Wars \u2014 photograph 15 of 15\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klru4v3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"klru4v3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In Delphi we can\n    still today see the base of the Tripod of the Plataeans, erected to commemorate the\n    victory of the Greek city-states over the Persian army at Plataea in 479 BC\n                (Pausanias\n    X.13.9). The monument commands an important space, as it sits directly across the Sacred\n    Way from the Altar of the Temple of Apollo yet is not blocked by it. Originally a golden\n    victory tripod stood atop three twisted snake columns upon which were inscribed the names\n    of the 31 city-states who contributed to the victory. The Emperor Constantine the Great\n    (early 4th century AD) removed the columns to Constantinople, where half of it remains\n    today on display in the\u00a0 Hippodrome.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3dxus1v elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3dxus1v\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>copyright\n2001 Janice\n    Siegel,\n    All Rights Reserved<br>\n    send comments to: Janice Siegel (jfsiege@ilstu.edu)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-tr5f75a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"tr5f75a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>date this page was edited last:\n08\/02\/2005<br>\nthe URL\nof this page:  <!--\ndocument.write(document.location.href);\n\/\/ -->\nhttps:\/\/people.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/lectures\/history\/PersianWars\/persianwars.shtm<br><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Classical Age begins with the monumental Greek victory over the Persians in what have become known to us as the Persian Wars. Pericles makes reference to these wars when he boasts about the previous generation of Athenians&#8217; success in &#8220;stemming the tide of foreign aggression.&#8221; The Persian Wars were really a series of Persian [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":802,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"page-templates\/page_fullwidth.php","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-808","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/808","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=808"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/808\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1321,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/808\/revisions\/1321"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/802"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.hsc.edu\/drjclassics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=808"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}